2.1. Add a grid layer#

2.1.1. View examples#

In addition to supporting vector data (points, lines, polygons and labels), MapServer can also display raster data. Through the use of the GDAL library, MapServer can import and export a variety of raster formats. MapServer now supports RGB and multispectral images (multilayers). In versions prior to 4.0, raster input was limited to single-layer, grayscale or color image indices. This example shows how to use multispectral data to choose what layers to display. With RGB and multispectral images, there may be a significant performance penalty.

Since MapServer 5.x uses the GD 2.0.x library to generate image output, it supports RGB (24-bit true color) output as well. Therefore, it is now possible to use both PNG24 (truecolor) output and 8-bit (indexed color or grayscale) PNGs. This example uses PNG24 IMAGETYPE. Just like RGB input, rendering results are significantly improved when using PNG24.

MapServer can actually use GDAL to generate output images, but that’s another topic. If you want to know more about it, see the specific usage of the OUTPUTFORMAT object in MapFile.

The following is the Mapfile (mfa5.map) used in this example:

The file changes are as follows:

 1MAP
 2    IMAGETYPE "PNG24"
 3    EXTENT -180 -90 180 90
 4    SIZE 600 300
 5    SHAPEPATH "/gdata"
 6    IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255
 7    FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list"
 8    SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym"
 9    LAYER
10        NAME "topo"
11        DATA "land_shallow_topo_8192.tif"
12        STATUS OFF
13        TYPE RASTER
14        PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
15        OFFSITE 71 74 65
16    END
17    LAYER
18        NAME "states_line"
19        DATA "wcountry.shp"
20        STATUS OFF
21        TYPE LINE
22        CLASS
23            NAME "State Boundary"
24            STYLE
25                SYMBOL "line5"
26                COLOR 255 255 0
27                SIZE 1
28            END
29        END
30    END
31END

Annotated Mapfile

The structure of mapfile, through objects, looks like this:

                                             MAP
             LAYER #1-------------LAYER #2----|----LAYER #3--------LAYER #4
          (states_poly)           (modis)       (states_line)   (states_label)
             |                                     |               |
(land) CLASS- |-CLASS (water) |-CLASS |-CLASS
           |   |                                     |                 |
     STYLE-|   |-STYLE                               |-STYLE     STYLE-|-LABEL

The modifications are as follows:

Open the file:diff_mfa5_mfa4.html

When you are in MapFile , you will see that the new layer "modis" is added after the polygon layer "states". MapServer displays layers in reverse order - last in first out (LIFO), with the first layer drawn in the MapFile defined at the bottom of the map.

So the country polygon layer, will be drawn at the bottom of the result. Since the raster layer is drawn on top of it, it won’t be seen. That’s why the first layer gets the status value STATUS OFF off. The line layer is defined below the raster layer, so it will be drawn on top of the result (you can see it). That’s why we started to separate the line layer from the polygon layer. Finally, labels are drawn on top of everything.

MapServer can automatically turn on or off the l layer according to the status of other layers (the polygon layer will be turned off when the raster layer is turned on). This is done with the REQUIRES parameter. You should use this feature once you start creating your own MapServer applications.

2.1.2. Parameter description#

Let’s take a look at the new parameters introduced in MapFile:

IMAGETYPE , which is not new, but the value is PNG24 . PNG24 is a 24-bit true color version of the PNG format. Instead of output images being limited to 256 color combinations, map servers now have millions. By the way, try changing this value back to PNG. Note the formats that can be used, the time it takes to generate the image. Choose between true color and indexed color, taking into account the time it takes to generate the image.

SYMBOLSET, the path to the file defined by the symbols in the sub. Symbols in this file are referenced through the SYMBOL object in the class object. It’s not really needed at this point, but I thought I’d throw this out here for now. See the MapFile reference and for more information on MapServer Construction with Cartographic Symbols.

DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif", in the newly added layer object, the data parameter points to a GeoTIFF image. Like MapServer’s vector datasets, it supports multiple raster file formats. This support is through the use of the GDAL library. For more information on the different raster formats supported by MapServer and a general discussion of using raster map servers, please read how raster data works at http://www.mapserver.org/input/raster.html

TYPE RASTER, when using raster data (images), the value is RASTER, not POLYGON, LINE, POINT, or others.

PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3", this layer object parameter is new in MapServer 4.x. The processing keyword has many values, but in this case, it is used to select the bands displayed in the multispectral image. The value string here will be passed to the GDAL library. Documentation for this is currently minimal, but see MAPFILE for more examples of using the processing keyword.

OFFSITE, this parameter tells MapServer which pixel values to render as the background (or ignore). You can get pixel value manipulation of images or image manipulation programs (eg GIMP, Photoshop).

2.1.3. RGB and Index Image#

To compare the speed of creating a map using a RGB image with an indexed color image, replace the following line in MapFile:

DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif"
STATUS DEFAULT
TYPE RASTER
PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
OFFSITE 71 74 65

Use the following code:

DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif"
STATUS DEFAULT
TYPE RASTER
OFFSITE 70 74 66

In addition, try changing IMAGETYPE from PNG24 to PNG .

2.1.4. Use preprocessing#

Raster data, such as remote sensing images, is not just a picture. In a computer, an image is usually represented by three RGB channels. In remote sensing images, channels are generally called bands. Moreover, the band of the remote sensing image is different from the RGB channel of the image. It does not necessarily correspond to the tricolor of RGB, and the number of bands is not necessarily three.

In MapServer, in addition to rendering images by default, you can also define how to handle them, such as which three bands are used in false color, if the color is stretched, and so on.

For example, for remote sensing images, use the following statement to reverse the order of bands:

PROCESSING   "BANDS=3,2,1"

The results are as follows:

http://webgis.pub/cgi-bin/mapserv?map=/owg/mfr1.map&layer=topo&mode=map